Com 220 Prison Overcrowding Harms Everyone

History of Pakistan 1912 to Date Essay

1206-1526 The Delhi Sultanate Probably the most punctual relics of Stone Age man were found in the Soan valley close to Rawalpindi, going back to at any rate 50,000 years. Prevalently a horticultural locale, its occupants figured out how to tame and spouse creatures and develop crops somewhere in the range of 9,000 years prior. Cultivating towns dating from 6000 BC have been unearthed in Baluchistan, the North West Frontier Province and Punjab. The Indus Valley Civilization is considered to have developed around 2600 BC. Based on the vestiges of sustained towns close Kot Diji, it is currently accepted to have risen up out of cultivating networks of the zone. The Civilization flaunted colossal urban areas like Moenjodaro and Harappa. These towns were all around arranged, with cleared fundamental streets, multistoried houses, watchtowers, food distribution centers, and gathering lobbies. Their kin built up a propelled content that despite everything remains un-deciphered. The Indus Civilization’s decay aroun d 1700 BC is credited to outside trespassers, who at certain locales brutally decimated the urban communities. However, with late research, students of history have gotten uncertain regarding the specific reasons for decrease of the Indus Civilization. Aryans, who were unpleasant cows raisers, originated from Central Asia around 1700 BC, looking for munching land for their crowds. Their religion was all around created, with divine beings recognized from components of nature. They followed an exacting standing framework, which later became Hinduism. They composed the primary book of Hindu sacred writing, the Rig Veda, which was an assortment of psalms recollected through a few ages. A few anthropologists accept that there is no genuine authentic proof to demonstrate the happening to Aryans, and think about their coming as a legend. In 6th century BC, the individuals of the district were getting progressively disappointed with the Hindu rank framework. At the point when Buddha, child of a Kshatriya lord lectured correspondence in men, his lessons were immediately acknowledged all through the northern piece of the Sub-landmass. Around a similar time Gandhara, being the easternmost area of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia, turned into a significant force in the district. Its two urban areas †Pushkalavati, or present day Charsadda close to Peshawar, and the capital Taxila, were the focal point of progress and culture. Alexander the Great attacked the Subcontinent in 327 BC. Overcoming the Kalash valley, he crossed the powerful Indus at Ohind, sixteen miles north of Attock. He at that point crushed the forceful elephant armed force of Porus at Jhelum, and started his walk towards the long Ganges plain. In any case, he had to get ready for toward home cruising when his warwary troops would not progress further. On his way back, a genuine injury, got while fighting the Malloi individuals at Multan, at last incurred significant damage, and Alexander kicked the bucket in 323 BC, leaving his successes for get among his own officials. Chandragupta Maurya was a banished individual from the regal group of Magadha, a realm prospering since 700 BC on the bank of stream Ganges. After Alexander’s passing, Chandragupta caught Punjab with his partners, and later ousted the lord of Magadha in 321 BC to frame the Mauryan Empire. Following twenty-four years of majesty, his child, Bindusara, who added Deccan to the Mauryan rule, succeeded Chandragupta. Ashoka, child of Bindusara, was probably the best ruler the world has ever known. In addition to the fact that he ruled a huge domain; he additionally attempted to lead it empathetically. After at first causing a large number of lives during his victory of Kalinga, he chose to manage by the law of devotion. He was instrumental in spreading Buddhism inside and outside the Sub-landmass by building Buddhist religious communities and stupas, and conveying evangelists to remote terrains. The Greek lord of Bactria, Demetrius, vanquished the Kabul River Valley around 195 BC. The Greeks re-constructed Taxila and Pushkalavati as their twin capital urban areas in Gandhara. They were followed in 75 BC by the Scythians, Iranian migrants from Central Asia, and in around 50 BC by the ground-breaking Parthians, from east of the Caspian Sea. In the wake of crushing the Greeks in 53 BC, the Parthians controlled the northern Pakistan territory. During their period of exchange and financial flourishing, the Parthians advanced craftsmanship and religion. The Gandhara School of workmanship created, which mirrored the magnificence of Greek, Syrian, Persian and Indian craftsmanship customs. The Kushana lord, Kujula, leader of migrant clans from Central Asia, ousted the Parthians in 64 AD and took over Gandhara. The Kushans further expanded their standard into northwest India and Bay of Bengal, south into Bahawalpur and shy of Gujrat, and north till Kashghar and Yarkand, into the Chinese boondocks. They made their winter capital at Purushapura, the City of Flowers, presently called Peshawar, and their mid year capital north of Kabul. Kanishka, the best of Kushans, administered from the year 128 to 151. Exchange prospered during his standard, with the Romans exchanging gold for gems, aromas, colors, flavors and materials. Progress was made in medication and writing. A great many Buddhist cloisters and stupas were assembled and the best bits of model in the Gandhara School of workmanship were created. He was murdered in his rest when his own kin opposed his ceaseless expansionist interests. The Kushans Empire was usurped both from the North, where the Sassanian Empire of Persia disintegrated their standard. what's more, the South where the Gupta Empire grabbed hold. In the fourth century, because of decrease in thriving and exchange, the Kushans Empire was diminished to another administration of Kidar (Little) Kushans, with the capital now at Peshawar. Originating from Central Asia, the White Huns, initially the pony riding wanderers from China, attacked Gandhara during the fifth century. With declining success, and the sun and fireworshipping Huns managing the land, Buddhism steadily vanished from northern Pakistan, taking the magnificence of the Gandhara School of workmanship with it. After the destruction of Huns by Sassanians and Turks in 565, the territory was for the most part left to be governed by little Hindu realms, with the Turki Shahi rulers controlling the region till Gandhara from Afghanistan, and the raja of Kashmir administering northern Punjab, and the regions east of the Indus. Buddhism’s decay proceeded as more individuals were changed over to Brahman Hindus. Toppling the Turki Shahis, the Central Asian Hindu Shahis controlled from 870 till the year 1008. With their capital set up at Hund on the Indus, their standard reached out from Jalalabad in Afghanistan to Multan, and secured as far north as Kashmir. Fasting Buddha from Gandhara locale, Central Museum, Lahore Buddha in Dhyana Mudra †protected in Julian cloister Slave Dynasty [1206-1290] Khalji Dynasty [1290-1320] The author of the Khalji Dynasty in South Asia, Malik Firuz, was initially the Ariz-iMumalik selected by Kaiqubad during the times of decrease of the Slave Dynasty. He exploited the political vacuum that was made because of the inadequacy of the replacements of Balban. To involve the seat, he just needed to evacuate the newborn child Sultan Kaimurs. On June 13 1290, Malik Firuz climbed the seat of Delhi as Jalal-ud-commotion Firuz Shah. Khaljis were fundamentally Central Asians yet had lived in Afghanistan for such a long time that they had gotten not quite the same as the Turks as far as customs and habits. Along these lines the happening to Khaljis to control was in excess of a dynastic change. As dominant part of the Muslim populace of Delhi was Turk, the appearance of a Khalji ruler was very little invited. However Jalal-ud-racket figured out how to win the hearts of the individuals through his mellowness and liberality. He held the greater part of the officials holding key situations in the Slave Dynasty. His own nephew and child in-law Alauddin Khalji, executed Jalal-ud-clamor and took over as the new ruler. Alauddin’s rule is set apart by inventive authoritative and income changes, advertise control guidelines and a tornado time of victories. It is viewed as the brilliant time of the Khalji rule. Be that as it may, before the passing of Alauddin, his home was partitioned into two camps. This brought about a definitive breakdown of the Khalji administration. On one side were Khizar Khan (Alauddin’s child and the designated hair to the seat), Alp Khan (Khizar’s father in law and the legislative leader of Gujrat) and Malika-I-Jehan (spouse of Alauddin and sister of Alp Khan). Malik Kafur drove the other camp, who was one of Alauddin’s most confided in nobles. Malik Kafur figured out how to win the clash of legislative issues and prevailing with regards to making Shahab-ud-racket Umar, a youthful ruler of six years of age, as the replacement of Alauddin and himself turned into his official. Nonetheless, later his own specialists executed Malik Kafur. After the passing of Malik Kafur, Qutb-ud-noise Mubarik Shah, another child of Alauddin expelled his more youthful sibling Umar from the seat and became Sultan in 1316. Mubarik was a useless ruler and the majority of his time was spend in drinking and womanizing. During his standard the force was entirely the hands of a lowborn Hindu slave, who was given the title of Khusraw Khan by Mubarik himself. Khusraw, with the assistance of a portion of his companions slaughtered Mubarik and proclaimed himself the Sultan. With this the standard of the Khalji Dynasty reached a conclusion. Tomb and College of Alauddin Khalji, despite the fact that the grave is currently absent The inadequate Alai Minar, worked by Alauddin Khalji Tughluq Dynasty [1320-1412] During his standard, Khusraw supplanted Muslim officials by Hindu officials in every single key situation of the nation. These Hindu officials transparently offended Islam, shamed mosques and utilized duplicates of the Quran as platforms for icons. This circumstance was hard for the Muslim of South Asia to process. They accumulated around a Tughluq honorable prominently known as Ghazi Malik, who vanquished and executed Khusraw. He needed to give power back to the Khalji Dynasty, however couldn't discover any survivor among the decedents of Alauddin. In this circumstance, the nobles requested that he become Sultan. He climbed the seat on September 8, 1320, and expected the title of Ghiyas-ud-commotion Tughluq Shah, along these lines turning into the organizer of the Tughluq administration. The Tughluqs had a place with the Qa

THE GOLD-BUG The Edgar Allan Poe Story Youve Never Heard Of

THE GOLD-BUG The Edgar Allan Poe Story Youve Never Heard Of For modern readers, Edgar Allan Poe is synonymous with Gothic tales of horror and dark poetry, like The Raven or The Tell-Tale Heart. But during his lifetime, that wasnt the case. Instead, by far his most successful and famous story was one little-known today: The Gold-Bug. In The Gold-Bug, our unnamed narrator meets with an old acquaintance, William Legrand, who lives on an island near Charleston, South Carolina. Legrand is in one of his fits…of enthusiasm, having just discovered what he believes is a unknown species of beetle. So imagine how excited he gets when he realizes that, in collecting the bug, his black servant Jupiter accidentally grabbed a scrap of paper with a code revealing the location of Captain Kidds lost treasure. The beetle, which he had suffered to descend, was now visible at the end of the string. Byam Shaw, 1909. The Gold-Bug was the first work of fiction to incorporate cryptography into the plot. In fact, the very word cryptograph was invented by Poe and used for the first time in this story. It inspired future cryptologists for generations to come (including William F. Friedman, an American famous in cryptographic circles for breaking Japans PURPLE code in WWII), and dozens of writers all over the world. Think Robert Louis Stevensons Treasure Island, Junichiro Tanizakis Devils in Daylight, or The Gold Bug Variations by Richard Powers. Its entirely plausible that the science of cryptanalysis as we know it today wouldnt exist without The Gold-Bug. “Finding the Treasure,” woodcut engraving based on the illustration by F. O. C. Darley. Dollar Newspaper, June 21, 1843. Before Poe, cryptography was a complete mystery to most people. Simple substitution ciphers like the one in The Gold-Bug were considered unbreakable unless you possessed the key to decode them. But Poes knowledge of language and obsession with logic, or ratiocination, made him realize that any code could be broken. And he showed people exactly how to do it. In 1839, four years before the publication of The Gold-Bug, Poe published an article in Alexanders Weekly Messenger where he challenged the readers to send him coded messages, stating, It would be by no means a labor lost to show how great a degree of rigid method enters into enigma-guessing. This may sound oddly; but it is not more strange than the well know fact that rules really exist, by means of which it is easy to decipher any species of hieroglyphical writingâ€"that is to say writing where, in place of alphabetical letters, any kind of marks are made use of at random. For example, in place of A put % or any other arbitrary characterâ€"in place of B, a *, etc., etc. Let an entire alphabet be made in this manner, and then let this alphabet be used in any piece of writing. Poe knew that the frequency of letters in the messages would be the key to breaking the codes. This is a pretty basic code breaking technique by modern standards, but at the time was groundbreaking. Poes cipher challenge became a huge hit: he received hundreds of coded messages from all over the country, and indeed solved them all except for one that, we fully proved…a jargon of random characters, having no meaning whatsoever.* Captain Kidd hiding his treasure. From Poes Tales of Mystery and Imagination. Illustrated by Arthur Rackham, 1935. Realizing the publics fascination with code breaking, Poe decided to write a story specifically for his cipher-fanatic audience. Throw in  buried treasure, an exotic very singular island, mystery, madness, andâ€"a must in any good treasure hunting taleâ€"the spectre of death, and you have an intense tale of adventure that captured peoples imagination and made Poe a household name. The story won a $100 grand prizeâ€"the most Poe was ever paid for a single piece of writing during his lifetimeâ€"and publication in the Dollar Newspaper, becoming an instant success. It was The Gold-Bugâ€"not The Raven or The Tell-Tale Heartâ€"that drew standing room-only crowds to Poes lectures and established his international fan base in countries as far flung as France, Russia, and Japan. Illustration from Jules Vernes essay Edgard Poë et ses oeuvres, 1862. By Frederic Lix or Yan Dargent. So if The Gold-Bug is so awesome, why isnt it more widely read today? The answer is two-fold. One, the code used in the story is pretty simple. What was new and exciting in 1843 is something gradeschoolers are taught today, which takes a lot of the wow factor out of the story for adults. Its still a fun story, just probably not something youd get into unless you were a kid. Secondly, theres Poes treatment of Jupiter, which is problematic to say the least. Jupiter is a former slave who refused to abandon Legrand even after he was freed. Poe probably intended Jupiter to serve as comic relief, but in reality his portrayal of the character is ridiculously stereotyped. And thats a shame because Jupiter is the only sympathetic character in the entire story. In particular, Jupiters dialect is head-scratchingly strange and hackneyed. Take this exchange between Jupiter and the narrator, for example: “Well, Jup,” said I, “what is the matter now?â€"how is your master?” “Why, to speak de troof, massa, him not so berry well as mought be.” “Not well! I am truly sorry to hear it. What does he complain of?” “Dar! dat’s it!â€"him neber plain ob notinâ€"but him berry sick for all dat.” “Very sick, Jupiter!â€"why didn’t you say so at once? Is he confined to bed?” “No, dat he aint!â€"he aint find nowharâ€"dat’s just whar de shoe pinchâ€"my mind is got to be berry hebby bout poor Massa Will.” This is obviously nothing like how slaves (or anyone, for that matter) talked. Its just a dialect that Poe made up, which in itself is a mystery. Poe spent plenty of time in the south during his military career, and grew up only a few blocks away from a slave market in Richmond, Virginia. Its hard to believe he would have never spoken to a black person. Why wouldnt he simply draw from what he knew instead of inventing a strange new dialect? Illustration by Herpin for a 1895 edition of Poes The Tales and Poems. Of course, the obvious answer is that he was racist and didnt GAF if Jupiters dialect was accurate or not as long as he sounded black. But perhaps Jupiters odd way of speaking might be a code within a code. Poe was known to hide messages into seemingly ordinary poems and stories, a special type of cryptography called steganography. The problem with steganography is that, once the rules of the secret message are set, you have to write around it, which could explain the odd spelling and format of Jupiters dialog. Some have speculated that Poes more oddly worded and organized worksâ€"like Eureka,  his weird poetical essay on cosmology where he basically came up with the idea of the Big Bangâ€"contain codes that have yet to be uncovered. The idea that Jupiter might be speaking in code doesnt negate Poes treatment of the character, and it might not even be true. But it does show what kind of story The Gold-Bug is, and why it inspired so many people both artistically and scientifically. On the surface its a riddle within a riddle: The riddle of whats wrong with Legrand while he solves the riddle of Captain Kidds treasure. But the riddle never feels fully revealed. Theres always a sense that theres more to the storyâ€"an obsession not fully quenched, or only just begun to foster. In The Gold-Bug, as in so many of Poes stories, ones left feeling it only scratches the surface of what the man himself knew. “The Treasure Revealed,” original ink wash sketch by F. O. C. Darley, 1843. *There are actually two exceptions, but thats too complicated to go into detail here. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers.

Filing Federal Timber Income Tax

Congress has provided timberland owners with some favorable tax provisions. Here are five tips designed to help you make the most of these provisions and avoid paying unnecessary income tax or making costly mistakes. This report is only an introduction. Consult the references and links provided for complete information on the topic. Also understand that we are discussing Federal income tax here. Many states have their own taxing systems which can be dramatically different from federal taxation and is usually an ad valorum, severance, or yield tax. Remember these five points when filing your Federal income taxes on timber: Establish Your Basis Its key to establish your basis as soon as possible and to keep good records. Basis is a measure of your investment in timber as opposed to what you paid for the land and other capital assets acquired. Record your cost of acquiring forestland or the value of inherited forest land as soon as possible. When selling your timber in the future, you can use these costs as a depletion deduction. Adjust or step up your basis for new purchases or investments. Step down your basis for sales or other disposals. Keep records to include a management plan and map, receipts for business transactions, diaries, and landowner meeting agendas. Report basis and timber depletion on IRS Form T,â€Å"Forest Activities Schedule, Part II. You are required to file a Form T if you claim some timber depletion deductions or sell timber. Owners with occasional sales may be excepted from this requirement, but it is considered prudent to file. File your years documentation using this electronic version Form T. Know Whats Deductible If you own a forest to make money, ordinary and necessary expenses incurred for managing forest land as a business or an investment are deductible even if there is no current income from the property. This includes if youve performed reforestation work or established significant timber stand regeneration costs. You can deduct outright the first $10,000 of qualified reforestation expenses during the taxable year. In addition, you can amortize (deduct), over 8 years, all reforestation expenses in excess of $10,000. (Due to a half-year convention, you can only claim one-half of the amortizable portion the first tax year, so it actually takes 8 tax years to recover the amortizable portion.) Do You Quality for Long-Term Capital Gains? If you sold standing timber during the taxable year held for over 12 months, Yyu may be able to benefit from the long-term capital gains provisions on timber sale income which will lower your tax obligation. When you sell standing timber either lump-sum or on a pay-as-cut basis, the net proceeds generally qualify as a long-term capital gain. Remember, you can qualify for this long-term capital gains treatment on timber only if you hold the timber over one year. You do not have to pay self-employment tax on capital gains. Did You Have a Timber Loss? If you had a timber loss during the taxable year, you can, in most cases, only take a deduction for (casualty) losses that are physical in nature and caused by an event or combination of events that has run its course (fires, floods, ice storms and tornadoes). Remember that your deduction for a casualty or qualifying non-casualty loss is limited to your timber basis, minus any insurance or salvage compensation. Make Required Reports to the IRS If you had federal or state cost-share assistance during the taxable year via receiving a form 1099-G, you are obligated to report it to the IRS. You may choose to exclude some or all of it but you must report it. But if the program qualifies for exclusion, you can choose either to include the payment in your gross income and make full use of beneficial tax provisions or to calculate and exclude the excludable amount. Excludable cost-share assistance includes the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP payments only), Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), Forest Land Enhancement Program (FLEP), Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program (WHIP) and Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP). Several states also have cost-share programs that qualify for exclusion. Adapted from USFS, Cooperative Forestry, Tax Tips for Forest Landowners by Linda Wang, Forest Taxation Specialist and John L. Greene, Research Forester, Southern Research Station. Based on a 2011 report.

Carl Friedrich Gauss Essays - 1049 Words

Carl Friedrich Gauss nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777-1855). The German scientist and mathematician Gauss is frequently he was called the founder of modern mathematics. His work is astronomy and physics is nearly as significant as that in mathematics. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gauss was born on April 30, 1777 in Brunswick (now it is Western Germany). Many biographists think that he got his good health from his father. Gauss said about himself that, he could count before he can talk. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When Gauss was 7 years old he went to school. In the third grade students came when they were 10-15 years old, so teacher should work with students of different ages. Because of it he gave to half of†¦show more content†¦He developed the theory of some important special functions, in particular, the theory of the hypergeometric function. This function plays significant role in modern mathematical physics. Gauss discovered the method of so-called least squares. It is a method of obtaining the best possible average value for a measured magnitude, for many observations of the magnitude. The other part of mathematics that also has close connections to Gauss, is the theory of complex numbers. Gauss gave a very important geometric interpretation of a complex number as a point in the plane. Besides pure mathemaics, Gauss made very important contributions in astronomy, geodesy and other applied disciplines. For example, he predicted the location of some sky bodies. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In 1803 Gauss had met Johanna Osthoff, the daughter of a tannery owner in Braunschweig. She was born in 1780 and was an only child. They were married on October 9, 1805. They were lived on in Braunschweig for a time, in the house which Gauss had occupied as a bachelor. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On August 21, 1806, his first son Joseph was born. He received his name after Peazzi, the discoverer of Ceres. On February 29, 1808 a daughter followed, and gauss jokingly complained that she would only have a birthday every fourth year. As a mark of respect to Olbers she was christened Wilhelmina. The third child, a son, born on september 10, 1809, was named Ludwig, after Harding, butShow MoreRelatedThe Life of Carl Friedrich Gauss788 Words   |  3 Pagesboundaries of space and technology. The life of Carl Friedrich Gauss was full of phenomenal adventures and discoveries. He was born in Brunswick, Germany on April 30th, 1777 to poor working class parents. Gauss’ father was known as a hard worker and an honest man but heavily discouraged Gauss from attending school to follow a family trade. On the other hand, Gauss’ mother and uncle recognized his remarkable intelligence at an early age. Gauss’ intelligence was so powerful that one day at theRead MoreEssay on Carl Friedrich Gauss1206 Words   |  5 PagesCarl Friedrich Gauss was born in Braunshweigh, Germany, now lower Saxon Germany, where his parents lived and they were considered a pretty poor family during their time. His father worked many jobs as a gardener and many other trades such as: an assistant to a merchant and a treasurer of a small insurance fund. While his mother on the other hand was a fairly smart person but semiliterate, and before she married her husband she was a maid, the only reason for marrying him was to get out of the jobRead More Carl Friedrich Gauss Essay example3533 Words   |  15 PagesCarl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) Introduction: Carl Friedrich Gauss is considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. He is a creator in the logical-mathematical domain as he contributed many ideas to the fields of mathematics, astronomy, and physics. Being a math education major, I have come into contact with Gauss’ work quite a few times. He contributed greatly to the different areas of mathematics like linear algebra, calculus, and number theory. Creativity can be seenRead MoreA Brief Look at George Friedrich Bernhard Riemann720 Words   |  3 PagesGeorge Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, born in Breselenz, Germany, was a prominent and influential mathematician during the nineteenth century. At a young age, Riemann was recognized by his teachers for his swift grasping of complicated mathematical operations. Riemann attended the University of Gottingen where he developed a strong foundation in theoretical physics from Johann Listing and other notable professors. Riemann introduced concepts of mathematical im portance such as the complex variable theoryRead MoreThe Royal academy 1811-1815 In 1811 Samuel Morse’s father allowed him to attend the Royal Academy1000 Words   |  4 Pages1813-1854 Between about 1813 and 1854 Nikolai I. Lobachevsky, Janos Bolyai, Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, and Carl Friedrich Gauss all provided many contributions to the idea of non-Euclidian geometry. Nikolai proved his idea by measuring the internal angles of three stars in the sky that formed a triangle. Gauss furthered the idea of hyperbolic geometry. However, Gauss didn’t publish his work for unknown reasons. Friedrich Bernhard Riemann helped to compose the non-Euclidean spherical geometry. AllRead More Carl Gauss Essay1539 Words   |  7 PagesCarl Gauss Carl Gauss was a man who is known for making a great deal breakthroughs in the wide variety of his work in both mathematics and physics. He is responsible for immeasurable contributions to the fields of number theory, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, magnetism, astronomy, and optics, as well as many more. The concepts that he himself created have had an immense influence in many areas of the mathematic and scientific world. Carl Gauss was born Johann Carl Friedrich GaussRead MoreA Summary On Marie Sophie Germain1981 Words   |  8 Pageswritten observations.[13] Germain obtained the lecture notes and began sending her work to Joseph Louis Lagrange, a faculty member. She used the name of a former student Monsieur Antoine-August Le Blanc,[10][14] fearing, as she later explained to Gauss, the ridicule attached to a female scientist.[15] When Lagrange saw the intelligence of M. LeBlanc, he requested a meeting, and thus Sophie was forced to disclose her true identity. Fortunately, Lagrange did not mind that Germain was a woman,[10]Read Moreâ€Å"It Is Not Knowledge, But The Act Of Learning, Not Possession1246 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"It is not knowledge, but the act of learning, not possession but the act of getting there, which grants the greatest enjoyment†, said the great Carl Friedrich Gauss. It’s the same zeal to learn and the enlightenment that comes through it that drives me to purs ue a research-based career. Research that is going to define the future in terms of clean and sustainable energy, better efficiencies, better dynamics and intelligent machines, is what I desire to contribute to, given an opportunity to becomeRead MoreThe Mathematics Of Math Education929 Words   |  4 Pagesclass many students say, â€Å"What is the point of math I am never going to use it.† That statement is not true, math is used on a daily basis in our everyday life. â€Å"Mathematics is the queen of science, and arithmetic the queen of mathematics† (Carl Friedrich Gauss). Not only is math a tremendous part of everyday life but it is also a substantial part of education. Education is something that many people are passionate about, but many people overlook how much influence math has on other subjects. UnderstandingRead MoreGeometry Of Geometry And Geometry1549 Words   |  7 Pagesgeometry† and his works continue to influence mathematical fields today. Ele ments was first set in type in 1482 in Venice making it one of the earliest mathematical books to be printed following the invention of the printing press. It is estimated by Carl Benjamin Boyer to be second only to the Bible in the number of editions published,[7] with the number reaching well over one thousand.[8] For centuries the quadrivium was included in the curriculum of all university students and knowledge of at least

Why did wall street crash in 1929 Free Essays

In 1929, there was a complete lack of confidence in the U.S. economy, leading to many, many investors selling their shares. We will write a custom essay sample on Why did wall street crash in 1929? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is known as the wall street crash. This was caused by a number of short and long causes, of which I will elaborate on later. Firstly, we must consider the old policy of tariffs in Europe. This is very important because of the fact that Europeans could not afford u.s. goods, as the tariffs for the buying of u.s. goods was too much for Europeans to pay. Another reason the Europeans could not afford to buy u.s. goods is because most European countries had hefty war loans they had to pay back to America, which they were struggling to pay back as it was. There was widespread poverty in the u.s.a. in the 1920’s. almost 50% of American households had an average income of under $2000 p.a. this purchased only the bare essentials in life. The worst hit were the black people and new immigrants, who were highly discriminated against. Many black people lived in poverty in rural cities in america. New immigrants to america were given the lowest paid jobs, as Americans were highly prejudice against Europeans, plus they would work for anything just to live in america. With the collapse of trade unionism, there was little leeway for workers to bargain for better wages. The two reasons previously mentioned, let to overproduction of goods in the u.s.a. as american citizens could not afford to buy any u.s. goods as they were in dreadful poverty. People overseas could not buy u.s. goods as it would be too expensive for Europeans as the u.s.a. had imposed tariffs which taxed the import/export of u.s. goods. The small amount of people that could afford the products had already bought exactly what they had wanted. There were too many goods, and not enough people to buy them. In the early 1920’s, the american stock market was doing fantastically because of the boom in business created by the u.s. internal market. But, however in the mid-20’s the speculation of stocks began to increase. This is to say that people were investing in a company merely in the hope of share prices rising. As more and more people invested this way share prices rose out of all proportion to their real value. Since the u.s.a. had set up its internal market it had been easy for americans to borrow money on credit. Small investors used this borrowed money to buy stocks(â€Å"on the margin†) small investors knew that if they lost this money they would not be able to pay this back. If the banks had not been paid back by the creditors, they would not have the money to loan to people trying to buy â€Å"on the margin†, and so many banks close. In the autumn the experts of stock market began selling their stock as they could see that share prices were over valued. This panicked small investors, and they began selling madly. This lead to banks losing money from the loss of shares. This in turn lead to the collapse of the stock market. This is the wall street crash How to cite Why did wall street crash in 1929?, Papers

Lily in The Secret Life of Bees Essay Example

Lily in The Secret Life of Bees Paper In the novel The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd, the 14-year-old girl Lily Owens runs away from her abusive father to a bee farm in Tiburon, South Carolina. When Lily was four years old, her mother decided to escape from an unhappy marriage with T-Ray, Lily’s father. T-Ray refuses her mother to leave and in the chaos that erupts, Lily accidentally shoots her mother. Lily treasures the few belongings that she still has from her mother: a box with a pair of white silk gloves and a small picture with a black Mary and Tiburon, South Carolina engraved on the back. T-Ray, her father, is a very stern and harsh man who does not care much for Lily. As punishment when she misbehaves, he makes her kneel on grits for an hour until her knees are swollen and red. Lily feels that she does not have a single parent figure that loves her and is in desperate search of a family that will take her in as their own child. Lily believes that a child cannot be so unfortunate as not to have at least one of their parents love them. As Lily is a spitting image of her mother, Deborah, T-Ray feels anger and resentment every time he lays his eyes upon his daughter. Lily is constantly in search of a love from T-Ray, however when she realizes that they will never have a strong father-daughter connection, she decides that her only solution is to run away. With Rosaleen by her side, Lily decides that she will escape to Tiburon, South Carolina, hoping to find someone who will truly love her. We will write a custom essay sample on Lily in The Secret Life of Bees specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lily in The Secret Life of Bees specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lily in The Secret Life of Bees specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When finally arriving in Tiburon, Lily sees the picture of a black Mary like the one that was on the picture left from her mother on a honey jar. She is told that the woman who produces this honey is called August Boatwright and lives right up the street in a Caribbean pink house on a large honey farm. A large, black and openhearted woman opens the door for Rosaleen and Lily and allows them to stay in her honey house. She introduces herself as August Boatwright and tells t

Marketing Report of a Fashion Brand

Marketing Report of a Fashion Brand Introduction Yota fashion an organization that deals with textiles and clothing of individuals of all ages. Owing to increased competition, marketers are struggling to expand market share and boost sales of Yota fashion.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Report of a Fashion Brand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Kotler (2001), marketers should be creative and persuasive so that they do not only increase consumer awareness, but also increase their willingness to purchase the products. Therefore, the purpose of this report is to examine competitive environment of Yota fashion and explains how it can manage competition in selling its products. Competitors The main consumers of Yota fashion designs are usually trendy, dynamic, and gregarious individuals, who are both males and females. However, females exert a higher dominance than males in the fashion industry. Consumers of Yota fashion designs are always on the lookout for new fashion. Therefore, Yota fashion needs to be alert and conscious so that it remains in the market and produce designs that are in line with the interests of diverse customers. Since majority of our consumers have increased levels of information on issues relating to technology, education, and social factors, they are bound to change their preferences in a manner that reflects the global dynamics. Goworek (2001) highlights that organizations should understand the needs of their clients so that they can remain in the market and satisfy their consumers. Price, product, design, placement, and promotion are some of the elements that Yota fashion can employ to increase consumer awareness and willingness to purchase their products. Since competition is one of the external forces, which includes political, economical, social, technological, environmental, and Legal (PESTEL), Yota fashion has no control over it. Competitors of Yota fashion such as Spencer, Mar ks, Burberry, Topshop, Mulberry, Asos, and Supergroup enjoy large market share in the United Kingdom. These competitors introduce substitute products into the market at prices, which are relatively lower than that of Yota fashion. Currently, Yota fashion is experiencing high levels of competition. Increased competition in the market increases consumers’ spectrum of choosing desired products. Essentially, Yota fashion needs to be conscious of the dynamics of consumers so that it can deliver the right products to the right segment of consumers (Tungate 2012). Hence, it is imperative for Yota fashion to understand preferences the likes and dislikes of our target consumers, and consequently, aims at delivering products that match their expectations.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To understand the expectations of consumers, fashion designers can employ social sites like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube to analyse the requirements of target consumers. Since many of the target consumers frequent these social sites, it is very easy and efficient to understand their expectations using these sites. One of the main aspects that Yota fashion needs to implement is the conversion of consumer opinions and suggestions into products, as it enables the firm to meet their expectations (Underhill 2009). In addition, Yota fashion, which deals with fashion designs, can creatively pull out ideas and opinions from consumer focus groups and use them to assess whether the products are in line with the proposals from these focus groups. Understanding consumer expectations enables Yota fashion to deliver products, which are in line with the demands of our clients, is a very vital factor in the quest to outsmart competitors in the market. Moreover, the use of elements like product, design, promotion, price, and placement can be instrumental in ensuring that Yota fashion sustains its market share in the ever increasing and competitive market. According to Easey (2009), production of designs that meet consumer demands is very fundamental in attaining client trust and loyalty. Consumer trust and loyalty lead to sustainable development and growth of Yota fashion. Therefore, effective use of elements like promotion, price, product, and design enables the firm to manage competition and retain its market share. Managing Competition In managing competition, Yota fashion will aim at creating brand identity. One way of creating brand identity is to design a unique brand that appeals to the target consumers. In designing unique brand, Yota fashion needs to understand the nature of products that competitors offer in the market. Essentially, organizations need to understand that products of their competitors so that they can offer unique and advanced designs to their customers (Parsons 2009). Therefore, Yota fashion will design clothes that are appealin g and cost friendly to the customers. Extensive marketing of the products is another way that Yota will use in enhancing creating brand identity. Yota will market the product through social sites, newspapers, radio, television, trade fairs, fashion shows, and posters. In marketing, Yota will consider factors such as prevailing market conditions, consumer behaviour, and purchasing power, since they determine how the products will sell in diverse markets. According to Forsyth (2007), marketing is effective means of creating brand identity. The right choice of words used in marketing can increase consumers’ desire to purchase and consume Yota fashion’s products. Table 1 shows SWOT analysis Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats Good quality Expensive Market segmentation Recession Handmade Limited design Sample sales Tough competition Unique No stores Able to buy online Limited stock Aesthetic Cannot buy online Collaborate with a store or brand Bankruptcy Co ntemporary Not established brand Long lasting One of the strengths of Yota fashion is that it offers handmade products, which are not only unique and contemporary, but also they have aesthetic value. As other strengths, the products of the Yota fashion are unique and contemporary with aesthetic value because the styles, designs, and colours do not match that of its competitors.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Report of a Fashion Brand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The products are contemporary because they have aesthetic value that meets the interests of the youths who like trendy fashions. The material used in making Yota fashion is of good quality and long lasting thus making consumers to get value for their money. Owing to the nature of the products that Yota fashion offers, it has opportunities in the competitive market because it has a wide range of products that it can offer through seg mentation of the market. The ability to buy online is a technological opportunity that allows Yota fashion to expand its market share beyond the locations of its stores. Moreover, collaboration with other brands is a significant opportunity that Yota can utilize in enhancing its market share in the competitive markets. Since Yota fashion offers sample sales, retail stores are able to attract potential customers and increase sales. Despite the strengths, Yota fashion has weaknesses and threats that affect its competitiveness in the markets. One limitation of the Yota fashion is that its products are expensive; hence, some potential customers are unable to procure because they are beyond their purchasing power. The existence of limited designs is also a weakness because customers do not have an array of designs that they can select diverse fashions according to their interests. Lack of physical stores, online stores, and established brand name are some weaknesses that Yota fashion is grappling with as it tries to increase sales and expand market share. In addition to weaknesses, Yota fashion experiences threats such as recession, tough competition, limited stock, and bankruptcy. Recurring economic recessions tremendously increase the cost of textiles and consequently the cost of production. Tough competition from competitors such as Spencer, Marks, Burberry, Topshop, Mulberry, Asos, and Supergroup threatens to monopolize markets. Limited stock of products threatens sustainability of Yota fashion and makes it run into bankruptcy. References Easey, M 2009, Fashion Marketing, John Wiley Sons, London. Forsyth, P 2007, Outsmarting Your Competitors: Techniques of Sales Excellence to Build Profitable Business, Marshall Cavendish, London.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Goworek, H 2001, Fashion Buying Oxford, Blackwell Science, New York. Kotler, P 2001, Principles of marketing, Prentice Hall, New York. Tungate, M 2012, Fashion Brands: Branding Style from Armani to Zara, Kogan Page, London. Parsons, E 2009, Contemporary Issues in Marketing and Consumer Behaviour, Routledge, London. Underhill, P 2009, Why we buy: the science of shopping , Simon and Schuster, New York.

10 Companies Where Part-Time Jobs Can Mean Full-Time Benefits

10 Companies Where Part-Time Jobs Can Mean Full-Time Benefits Need to work part time, but don’t want to have to work all the jobs in order to scrape together health insurance and other necessary benefits? It’s not a great time to be in your position, given that a lot of companies are making their benefits threshold 30+ hours per week- often 40+ for retirement benefits, but there are still a lot of great companies that offer competitive benefits to folks working fewer than 30 hours per week. Here are some of the best.1. Whole FoodsIf you log 20 hours per week, you’re eligible for their full medical, dental, and vision coverage, once you’ve hit 400 hours total. These aren’t fixed or guaranteed- and management has the right to rescind, but they are out there. You’ll also be eligible for a 20% purchase discount in-store, as well as subsidized life insurance, paid sick and vacation time, stock options, and a 401(k). They also give bonuses to rank-and-file employees out of the unused leftovers of their annual labor budget.2. StarbucksAt Starbucks, you’re not an employee, you’re a â€Å"partner.† And if you average 20 hours per week, you’re eligible for competitive base pay plus health care. You might even get equity in the form of â€Å"Bean Stock.† You’ll also get PTO, a 401(k), and a 30% store discount. And their health benefits are pretty sweet, covering 100% of preventative care and women’s preventative health, as well as 70% of premium costs.3. Allegis GroupThe company formerly known as Aerotek employs nearly 10 times as many contractors and temp workers as it does full-timers. At 20+ hours per week, you’re immediately eligible for medical, dental, and vision, plus a matching 401(k) program, possible profit-sharing bonuses, disability insurance, a 529 college savings plan, and PTO.4. Lands’ EndDepending on your job, and your department, you might be eligible for dental, vision, and life insurance, plus access to the on- site medical clinic, fitness center, and day care. And, if you’re a seasonal employee willing to commit to the following year, your benefits might be extended.5. CostcoWork more than 24 hours per week, for a total of at least 180, and you’ll be eligible for their Choice Plus health plan, plus low-cost dental, a cheap in-house prescription plan, a 401(k), and an FSA, stock purchase options, disability, life, and long-term care insurance. There’s also the Care Network, providing free mental health counseling, and referrals to debt counselors and lawyers.6. LowesLowes offers part-time employees a limited medical plan, plus basic dental and vision- with no minimum hourly threshold. You pay full blast the first year, then Lowes subsidizes your coverage the next. There are also stock purchase options, a 401(k), and PTO available after 180 days.7. Trader JoesWork 30+ hours a week and get health coverage. Plus free basic dental and vision (at only 15+ hours per week!).8 . U-HaulPart time U-Haul employees don’t receive paid holidays or sick leave, or educational assistance, BUT part time workers do have access to limited medical, dental, 401(k), and stock ownership plans. Plus travel discounts through U-Haul and other companies.9. REIYou can’t do much better than REI. Average 20 hours per week, and the company will give you medical benefits, plus they pay the full cost of disability and life coverage. And there’s a sweet employee incentive plan available to all employees.10. UPSYou might need to wait a year for your full benefits to kick in, but you can get medical, dental, tuition assistance, adoption assistance, and smoking cessation support. The tuition assistance is immediately available to all new hires.

The effects of achol on the health,mental power, and relations of Research Paper

The effects of achol on the health,mental power, and relations of users - Research Paper Example Medical doctors have recently conducted an exploration that revealed a lot of alcohol consumption consequences. For instance, they found out that often alcohol usage leads to an advanced liver disease which can even not be noticeable for a long time; however, when a person starts accidentally feeling sick, one’s liver is happened to be totally and irreversibly ill (â€Å"Chronic Effects of Alcohol† 381). The liver disease is one of the most frequent consequences of chronic alcohol usage and most frequently happens in medical practice. However, the number one harm that a drinker might do to his own organism is getting one of the multiple cardiovascular system diseases that alcohol usage leads to. The point is that the cardiac muscle is prone to damage when a person drinks alcohol, because it loses its ability to keep itself in tone. Thus in some time the muscle can become weaker and a drinker will get such serious heart conditions as hypertension and ischemia, which late r will probably become the reasons for a heart attack (Brien et.al. 480). Furthermore, scientific researches denote that even a rare usage of alcohol could become an activator of an aerodigestive cancer (a cancer of upper respiratory tract and some upper gastrointestinal organs) (Zeka, Gore and Kriebel 897). Even though there are still not enough proofs to claim that alcohol usage could possibly be a reason for cancer, still the damages it causes are vast enough to become the first steps to cancer disease. Besides, scientific researchers have proven that alcohol usage harmfully influences human mortality and can significantly reduce a person’s duration of life. This happens not only because of the harm that alcohol does to human organism, but also it concerns a big amount of lethal accidents that happen to people because they are under alcohol inebriety (Carpenter and Dobkin 164). The most widespread cases of alcohol usage consequences are motor vehicle fatalities that

World Financial Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World Financial Environment - Essay Example The US dollar is undoubtedly the largest global currency. Most of the goods and services around the world are valued in dollars; and much of the international transactions are paid in dollars (Daniels, Radebaugh and Sullivan, 2007). It is quite evident that the President Obamas unprecedented expenditure plans would bring in millions of dollars of budget deficits and consequently increase the US national debt level by more than two-fold in the next five years. Hence, presently there is a common speculation that the dollar is moving for an all-time new slump and a probable collapse (Will the US Dollar Lose "Reserve Currency" Status?, n.d.). As a reserve currency, the dollar is expected to be stable. However, the fluctuations in the dollar value and exchange rates give a different picture all together. The economic meltdown and the global financial crisis occurred due to the financial imbalances shooting from the vast deficits in the US current account and the sever pressures arising from the accommodative monetary policy of the US that affected the exchange rate evaluation across the globe. The US dollar had the tendency to depreciate considerably with respect to the other floating currencies. Since most of the international Therefore, with most of the international transaction being carried out in dollars, some nations arbitrated in their foreign exchange markets to limit currency and monetary precariousness so as to sustain domestic financial stability. This resulted in an increase in the dollar prices of several commodities and a further escalation in the reserve accumulation (Mohan, 2009). Due to the continuous dep reciation in the value of the dollar, concerns have cropped up with regard to its status as the global economy’s reserve currency (Faux, 2002). On the one hand, the unexpected fiscal and monetary policy reactions have resulted in heavy

Western Views of Non-Traditional Medicines Essay -- Exploratory Essays

If you walk into any pharmacy, grocery store, or natural foods store, you cannot avoid the shelves and displays of "alternative" remedies and treatments. Promises of fewer aches and pains, clearer skin, slower aging, better digestion, and more "harmonious" body functions are plastered on store walls and across bottle labels with many, often green, pills and liquids. Ginseng, Echinacea, acupuncture, reflexology, antioxidants, Vitamin A, B, C, E... have all become a familiar part of our culture's vocabulary, and for many, a part of their health regime. The allure of treatments that are as simple as a collection of plants or are based on a well-loved substance like garlic are obvious, particularly in an cultural environment where not only medical labels but most food labels seem to be written in a different language, and where people are taught that "science [and medicine] know more about them than they could ever know or understand about themselves"(Beinfield, 24). A full-page advertis ement in the New York Times for the Oxford HMO is an insightful illustration of both public demand of alternative treatments and its current misgivings about Western medical care. In the first paragraph, Oxford says it has redesigned its program to take on a more "physician-responsive, patient-centered approach." Another section begins with the heading, "Alternative Medicine. The Choice is Yours." It goes on to state, "A third of the people we serve already use alternative therapies. Now they have access to the first credentialed network of alternative care practitioners. It includes acupuncturists, chiropractors, massage therapists and nutritionists, to name a few... In traditional health care, specialty care has been focused more on isolated treatmen... ... New York Times. Tuesday, April 1, 1997.   * Website on Chinese Medicine: www.hanwei.com/culture/medic.htm   * Stix, Gary. "Probing Medicine's Outer Reaches." Scientific American. October 1996.   * Website on Alternative Medicine: www.chinaplus.com   * Marshall, Eliot. "The Politics of Alternative Medicine." Science. Vol. 265. Sept. 30, 1994.   * Website on Chinese Medicine: www.europa.com   * Finkelstein, Katherine Eban. "Insuring Children: Health Care Reform Writ Small." The Nation. March 3, 1997.   * Eisenberg, M.D., David, with Thomas Lee Wright. Encounters with Qi: Exploring Chinese Medicine. 1985, New York, W.W. Norton and Company.   * Caudill, M.D., Ph.D., Margaret A.. Foreward, The Web that has No Weaver: Understanding Chinese Medicine. Ted Kaptchuk, O.M.D.. 1983, New York, Congdon and Weed.   * Website on Chinese Medicine:www.ccchome.com  

Beethoven 9th Symphony

Ludwig van Beethoven, great music composer, born in December 17, 1770 in Bonn Germany, and died in March 26, 1827 in Vienna. He was interested in music at a very young age. He grew up in a family where his father was a musician but he had drinking problem, and his mother was gentle loving care person. Beethoven claimed his mother as his best friend. When Beethoven took interest in music, his father taught him music day and night and how to play an instrument. He gave his first concert when he was 6 years old. Without a doubt, the child was gifted and his father Johann envisioned creating a new Mozart, a child prodigy. The musical and teaching talents of Johann were limited therefore, he hired teachers and musicians; composition by renowned musician such as Gottlob Neefe.In 1782, before the age of 12, Beethoven published his first work, 9 Variations in C Minor for piano on a march by Earnst Christoph Dressler. The following year, in 1783, Neefe wrote in the Magazine of Music, about hi s student. â€Å"If he continues like this, he will be, without a doubt, the new Mozart.† His mom passed away on July 17th 1787 only five year after this. Beethoven felt that he was responsible of his two brothers because of irresponsible drunk father.He started earning money by playing instrument in orchestra and giving music lessons. In 1792, Beethoven start working under Austrian wonderful composer Joseph Hyden in Vienna. By the 1800’s his compositions established him Mozart successor. He had an amazing currier as composer and pianist. He composed, he wrote music for himself. Sadly, when he started to lose his hearing his musical style changed but still he created some of his amazing masterpieces. From 1802 to 1814 he composed some masterpieces like Appassionata Sonata, and his only opera Fidelio.In 1815 when his brother died he had to adopt his brother’s son and dealing with all the legal matters affected his work to slow down tremendously. His nephew wasnâ €™t talented in music like himself as he hoped for. Unfortunately, by 1819 he was completely deaf but his composing was not at all. He composed quite of few symphonies including his 9th symphony after losing his hearing. The only difference was he start to compose for others.Beethoven’s 9th symphony 4th movement is very important because it is the longest (over 1 hour), and the largest (by instrumentation) symphony ever written at its time, and still today one of the longest ever. It took  Beethoven to complete six years to finish the symphony and it was finished in 1824. It is famously known as â€Å"Ode to Joy†. It premiered on Friday, May 7, in the Karntnerthortheater in Vienna. Another important fact about Symphony No 9th and 4th movement is Beethoven was the first composer to include the human voice at the same level as the instruments.Beethoven had long been completely deaf when he composed it, but still conducted the premiere performance back then. When th e piece ended, Beethoven, being deaf, was still conducting, the soprano soloist turned him around to accept his applause. Beethoven's â€Å"Ode to Joy† was adopted as the European National Anthem in 1972. It’s text written by An Die Freude.Instrumentation for the symphony was the largest of back then. The performing forces required and how they are used Beethoven’s 9th symphony 4th movement has the largest forces by instrumentation at its time and still to this day it is the longest symphony.Orchestra had these forces: Woodwinds are; Piccolo (fourth movement only), 2 Flutes, 2 Oboes, 2 Clarinets in A, B-flat and C, 2 Bassoons, Contrabassoon (fourth movement only). Brass: 2 Horns (1 and 2) in D and B-flat, 2 Horns (3 and 4) in B-flat (bass), B-flat and E-flat, 2 Trumpets in D and B-flat, 3 Trombones (alto, tenor, and bass; fourth movements only).Percussion: Timpani, Bass drum (fourth movement only), Triangle (fourth movement only), Cymbals (fourth movement only). Voices ( fourth movement only); Soprano solo, Alto solo, Tenor solo, Baritone solo, SATB Choir (Tenor briefly divides). Strings; Violins I, II, Violas, Cellos, Double basses.Beethoven’s original idea was to make 9th symphony instrumental but his desire to put human voice into the symphony did not come until the fourth movement. As to the finale he had sketched an instrumental fourth Movement that he decided to gratify his lifelong desire to set Schiller's Ode to Joy to music. Beethoven selected only certain verses from Schiller's Ode, and even altered the order of these, thus affirming his right to exercise his own judgment and single out only that which suited his. It had no less than three different choral groups combine into one fiercely profound powerhouse of sound.There was a conflict about the form of Beethoven’s final movement on 9th symphony. He found it difficult to suddenly introduce a chorus of voices after a long instrumental symphony; it was simply out of place.Briefly, the movement begins with an outraged, confused, flurry of sound; then a restatement of the prior three movements, each interrupted and rejected by instrumental recitative. If we go little bit more in detail; in the beginning flurry of instruments (dissonant too) than the cellos and basses play dramatic recitative. It follows themes from the three prior movements’ plays but quickly basses and cellos interrupts. Now, new theme begins but hesitant.Again, minor protest from the bases and cellos. Other instruments join in, which lead to a triumphant statement of the theme in D Major. Beethoven replays the opening of the finale. This time, though, the human voice replaces the cello and basses. The human voice is solo baritone voice. Then exquisite choral-orchestral exposition on Schiller’s Ode to Joy engages in four stanzas. Then Turkish March takes the lead like hero marching to victory. This march then leads to a long orchestral interlude, then to a fugue o n two themes. This leads to a an overpowering full orchestral-choral development.A display of the male and female choruses is sung in an almost meditative, prayer-like way, starting from Seid umschlungen Millionen!, or Be embraced, all ye Millions! As for the ending, I think David Wright puts it the right way; ponders the mystery and beauty of divine grace. Then everybody goes all-out to the joyous and thrilling close.†

Midsummer Nights Dream-- Rationality vs. Irrationality Essay

Society today encourages rationality in nearly every situation. That being said, irrational behavior is tolerated today as much as it was in the time of Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s Dream. One does not have to go far to realize this fact – consider the reality television shows today (ex. Jersey Shore, Keeping Up with the Kardashians, The Bachelor, etc.) The reason behind the popularity of these ridiculous shows is quite simple: people find entertainment in watching others make fools out of themselves! Shakespeare was quite aware of this in his writing of Midsummer, with the characterization of Helena, the absurd quarreling between Oberon and Titania, and the foolish love of Hermia and Lysander. Before going any further, perhaps it†¦show more content†¦So, basically, Helena is encouraged by Demetrius’s insults and threats. This example proves how her thoughts and actions are irrational in every way, but can be quite humorous to Shakespeare†™s audience. Another conflict that shows the contrast between rationality and irrationality is the relationship dynamics of Titania and Oberon, the queen and king of the fairies. They are both extremely stubborn and selfish, which causes a disturbance in the typical weather patterns of their realm. In spite of their responsibility to ensure the well-being of the forest, they argue over foolish things-especially over the Indian boy that Titania has been raising. Oberon decides he cannot be happy unless he has the boy for himself, and resorts to desperate measures to get his way. In this case, irrationality wins against rationality. Rather than working through his marriage problems with Titania, Oberon sends Puck to put a potion on Titania’s eye, which makes her fall in love with the first thing she sees. This conspiracy allows Oberon to snatch away the child while Titania is distracted. Although the marriage worked out in the end, it is based on the deception of a desperate husband who wanted his way. As with many infatuated young lovers, Hermia